Investigation of resistance mechanisms to fomesafen in Ipomoea nil from China.

Recently, the herbicide fomesafen has frequently failed to control the troublesome weed Ipomoea nil in soybean fields in Liaoning Province, China. Hence, we collected 10 suspected resistant populations and evaluated their sensitivity to fomesafen. The results revealed various degrees of Ipomoea nil resistance to fomesafen, with a resistance index of 2.88 to 22.43; the highest value occurred in the LN3 population. Therefore, the mechanisms of the resistance in LN3 to fomesafen were explored. After fomesafen treatment, the expression levels of InPPX1 and InPPX2 genes were 4.19- and 9.29-fold higher, respectively, in LN3 than those in the susceptible (LN1) population. However, mutations and copy number variations were not detected between the two populations. Additionally, malathion pretreatment reduced the dose necessary to halve the growth rate of LN3 by 58%. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated that metabolism of fomesafen was significantly suppressed by malathion. Moreover, LN3 displayed increased reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity, which was represented by higher superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities after fomesafen application than those in LN1. An orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis revealed that the high resistance in LN3 could be attributed mainly to enhanced metabolism. Fortunately, the fomesafen-resistant I. nil remained sensitive to 2,4-D-ethylhexylester and bentazon, providing methods for its control.

Transcriptional profiling of long noncoding RNAs associated with flower color formation in Ipomoea nil.

MAIN CONCLUSION: LncRNAs regulate flower color formation in Ipomoea nil via vacuolar pH, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. The significance of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in diverse biological processes is crucial in plant kingdoms. Although study on lncRNAs has been extensive in mammals and model plants, lncRNAs have not been identified in Ipomoea nil (I. nil). In this study, we employed whole transcriptome strand-specific RNA sequencing to identify 11,203 expressed lncRNA candidates, including 961 known lncRNA and 10,242 novel lncRNA in the I. nil genome. These lncRNAs in I. nil had fewer exons and were generally shorter in length compared to mRNA genes. Totally, 1141 different expression lncRNAs (DELs) were significantly identified between white and red flowers. The functional analysis indicated that lncRNA-targeted genes were enriched in the TCA cycle, photosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation-related pathway, which was also found in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) functional enrichments. LncRNAs can regulate transcriptional levels through cis- or trans-acting mechanisms. LncRNA cis-targeted genes were significantly enriched in potassium and lysosome. For trans-lncRNA, two energy metabolism pathways, TCA cycles and oxidative phosphorylation, were identified from positive association pairs of trans-lncRNA and mRNA. This research advances our understanding of lncRNAs and their role in flower color development, providing valuable insights for future selective breeding of I. nil.

Genome-wide analysis of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in Japanese morning glory.

The R2R3-MYB transcription factor is one of the largest transcription factor families in plants. R2R3-MYBs play a variety of functions in plants, such as cell fate determination, organ and tissue differentiations, primary and secondary metabolisms, stress and defense responses and other physiological processes. The Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) has been widely used as a model plant for flowering and morphological studies. In the present study, 127 R2R3-MYB genes were identified in the Japanese morning glory genome. Information, including gene structure, protein motif, chromosomal location and gene expression, were assigned to the InR2R3-MYBs. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the 127 InR2R3-MYBs were classified into 29 subfamilies (C1-C29). Herein, physiological functions of the InR2R3-MYBs are discussed based on the functions of their Arabidopsis orthologues. InR2R3-MYBs in C9, C15, C16 or C28 may regulate cell division, flavonol biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis or response to abiotic stress, respectively. C16 harbors the known anthocyanin biosynthesis regulator, InMYB1 (INIL00g10723), and putative anthocyanin biosynthesis regulators, InMYB2 (INIL05g09650) and InMYB3 (INIL05g09651). In addition, INIL05g09649, INIL11g40874 and INIL11g40875 in C16 were suggested as novel anthocyanin biosynthesis regulators. We organized the R2R3-MYB transcription factors in the morning glory genome and assigned information to gene and protein structures and presuming their functions. Our study is expected to facilitate future research on R2R3-MYB transcription factors in Japanese morning glory.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Ipomoea nil (Linn.) Roth significantly alleviates cigarette smoke (CS)-induced acute lung injury via possibly inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a serious manifestation of acute lung injury (ALI), is a debilitating inflammatory lung disease that is caused by multiple risk factors. One of the primary causes that can lead to ALI/ARDS is cigarette smoke (CS) and its primary mode of action is via oxidative stress. Despite extensive research, no appropriate therapy is currently available to treat ALI/ARDS, which means there is a dire need for new potential approaches. In our study we explored the protective effects of 70 % methanolic-aqueous extract of Ipomoea nil (Linn.) Roth, named as In.Mcx against CS-induced ALI mice models and RAW 264.7 macrophages because Ipomoea nil has traditionally been used to treat breathing irregularities. Male Swiss albino mice (20-25 ± 2 g) were subjected to CS for 10 uninterrupted days in order to establish CS-induced ALI murine models. Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg), In.Mcx (100 200, and 300 mg/kg) and normal saline (10 mL/kg) were given to respective animal groups, 1 h before CS-exposure. 24 h after the last CS exposure, the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of all euthanized mice were harvested. Altered alveolar integrity and elevated lung weight-coefficient, total inflammatory cells, oxidative stress, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß and IL-6) and chemokines (KC) were significantly decreased by In.Mcx in CS-exposed mice. In.Mcx also revealed significant lowering IL-1ß, IL-6 and KC expression in CSE (4 %)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage. Additionally, In.Mcx showed marked enzyme inhibition activity against Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase and Lipoxygenase. Importantly, In.Mcx dose-dependently and remarkably suppressed the CS-induced oxidative stress via not only reducing the MPO, TOS and MDA content but also improving TAC production in the lungs. Accordingly, HPLC analysis revealed the presence of many important antioxidant components. Finally, In.Mcx showed a marked decrease in the NF-κB expression both in in vivo and in vitro models. Our findings suggest that In.Mcx has positive therapeutic effects against CS-induced ALI via suppressing uncontrolled inflammatory response, oxidative stress, lipoxygenase and NF-κB p65 pathway.

Pharmacological Validation for the Folklore Use of Ipomoea nil against Asthma: In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation.

Oxidative stress is the key factor that strengthens free radical generation which stimulates lung inflammation. The aim was to explore antioxidant, bronchodilatory along with anti-asthmatic potential of folkloric plants and the aqueous methanolic crude extract of Ipomoea nil (In.Cr) seeds which may demonstrate as more potent, economically affordable, having an improved antioxidant profile and providing evidence as exclusive therapeutic agents in respiratory pharmacology. In vitro antioxidant temperament was executed by DPPH, TFC, TPC and HPLC in addition to enzyme inhibition (cholinesterase) analysis; a bronchodilator assay on rabbit's trachea as well as in vivo OVA-induced allergic asthmatic activity was performed on mice. In vitro analysis of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) expressed as % inhibition 86.28 ± 0.25 with IC50 17.22 ± 0.56 mol/L, TPC 115.5 ± 1.02 mg GAE/g of dry sample, TFC 50.44 ± 1.06 mg QE/g dry weight of sample, inhibition in cholinesterase levels for acetyl and butyryl with IC50 (0.60 ± 0.67 and 1.5 ± 0.04 mol/L) in comparison with standard 0.06 ± 0.002 and 0.30 ± 0.003, respectively, while HPLC characterization of In.Cr confirmed the existence with identification as well as quantification of various polyphenolics and flavonoids i.e., gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and others. However, oral gavage of In.Cr at different doses in rabbits showed a better brochodilation profile as compared to carbachol and K+-induced bronchospasm. More significant (p < 0.01) reduction in OVA-induced allergic hyper-responses i.e., inflammatory cells grade, antibody IgE as well as altered IFN-α in airways were observed at three different doses of In.Cr. It can be concluded that sound mechanistic basis i.e., the existence of antioxidants: various phenolic and flavonoids, calcium antagonist(s) as well as enzymes' inhibition profile, validates folkloric consumptions of this traditionally used plant to treat ailments of respiration.

Ethanol extract of Pharbitis nil ameliorates liver fibrosis through regulation of the TGFß1-SMAD2/3 pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy is a medicinal herb, and herbal remedies based on its seeds have been used to treat of obesity and liver diseases, including fatty liver and liver cirrhosis in East Asia. AIM OF THE STUDY: Liver fibrosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic liver inflammation such as that caused by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, no effective pharmaceutical treatment for liver fibrosis has been approved. In this study, we aimed to investigate that ethanol extract of pharbitis nil (PNE) alleviates the liver fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied the effects of PNE on two preclinical models. Six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with CCl4 twice weekly for 6 weeks and then treated with 5 or 10 mg/kg PNE daily from week 3 for weeks. Secondly, mice were fed HFD for 41 weeks and at 35 weeks treated with 5 mg/kg PNE daily for the remaining 6 weeks. In addition, we examined the antifibrotic effects of PNE in primary mouse hepatic stellate cells and LX-2 cells. RESULTS: PNE treatment ameliorated hepatocyte necrosis, inflammation, and liver fibrosis in CCl4-treated mice and inhibited the progression of liver fibrosis in mice with HFD-induced fibrosis. PNE reduced the expressions of fibrosis markers and SMAD2/3 activations in mouse livers and in TGFß1-treated primary mouse hepatic stellate and LX-2 cells CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that PNE attenuates liver fibrosis by downregulating TGFß1-induced SMAD2/3 activation.

Copigmentation and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS of anthocyanin in Ipomoea nil as potential source of food colorant.

Anthocyanins are good alternative to synthetic dyes for food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Owing to their wide occurrence in plant kingdom, an UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was used to identify and quantify the constituents in flowers of Ipomoea nil. The qualitative evaluation of I. nil results in the characterisation of acylated and non-acylated anthocyanins. Besides characterisation, the total phenolic contents in different fractions of I. nil were found to be 49.69 ± 1.74 and 331.54 ± 1.14 mg GAE/g, respectively. The total anthocyanins content was also determined by spectrophotometer and found to be 5.89 mg/100g of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalent. The antioxidant activity of different fraction of I. nil was evaluated by different assays (DPPH●, ABTS●+ and FRAP). In the direction of natural colour stability, we had studied different stabilising agents/copigments and were found to provide stability up to 140 °C. The extracted anthocyanins were evaluated for acute oral toxicity studies and observed to be non-toxic and may direct the use of I. nil for human consumption.

Elusive partners: a review of the auxiliary proteins guiding metabolic flux in flavonoid biosynthesis.

Flavonoids are specialized metabolites widely distributed across the plant kingdom. They are involved in the growth and survival of plants, conferring the ability to filter ultra-violet rays, conduct symbiotic partnerships, and respond to stress. While many branches of flavonoid biosynthesis have been resolved, recent discoveries suggest missing auxiliary components. These overlooked elements can guide metabolic flux, enhance production, mediate stereoselectivity, transport intermediates, and exert regulatory functions. This review describes several families of auxiliary proteins from across the plant kingdom, including examples from specialized metabolism. In flavonoid biosynthesis, we discuss the example of chalcone isomerase-like (CHIL) proteins and their non-catalytic role. CHILs mediate the cyclization of tetraketides, forming the chalcone scaffold by interacting with chalcone synthase (CHS). Loss of CHIL activity leads to derailment of the CHS-catalyzed reaction and a loss of pigmentation in fruits and flowers. Similarly, members of the pathogenesis-related 10 (PR10) protein family have been found to differentially bind flavonoid intermediates, guiding the composition of anthocyanins. This role comes within a larger body of PR10 involvement in specialized metabolism, from outright catalysis (e.g., (S)-norcoclaurine synthesis) to controlling stereochemistry (e.g., enhancing cis-trans cyclization in catnip). Both CHILs and PR10s hail from larger families of ligand-binding proteins with a spectrum of activity, complicating the characterization of their enigmatic roles. Strategies for the discovery of auxiliary proteins are discussed, as well as mechanistic models for their function. Targeting such unanticipated components will be crucial in manipulating plants or engineering microbial systems for natural product synthesis.

Reduction in organ-organ friction is critical for corolla elongation in morning glory.

In complex structures such as flowers, organ-organ interactions are critical for morphogenesis. The corolla plays a central role in attracting pollinators: thus, its proper development is important in nature, agriculture, and horticulture. Although the intraorgan mechanism of corolla development has been studied, the importance of organ-organ interactions during development remains unknown. Here, using corolla mutants of morning glory described approximately 200 years ago, we show that glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) regulate floral organ interactions needed for corolla morphogenesis. Defects in GST development in perianth organs result in folding of the corolla tube, and release of mechanical stress by sepal removal restores corolla elongation. Computational modeling shows that the folding occurs because of buckling caused by mechanical stress from friction at the distal side of the corolla. Our results suggest a novel function of GSTs in regulating the physical interaction of floral organs for macroscopic morphogenesis of the corolla.

New ent-kauran diterpene and antioxidant components from the seed of Ipomoea nil.

One new ent-kauran diterpene, 7ß,16ß,17-trihydroxy ent-kauran 19-(6ß)-olide (1), along with eight known compounds were isolated from the seed of Ipomoea nil. Isolates caffeoylquinic acid derivatives 5-9 were found for the first time in this species. All structures were identified from various spectroscopic data. trans-Caffeic acid 3, phenylpropanoid 4, and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives 5-9 could inhibit ROS generations induced in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells with IC50 values of 0.94-28.40 µM. Compounds 3 and 5-9 also had DPPH free radical scavenging properties (IC50 values, 14.86-68.27 µM), however, isolate 4 did not show inhibition effect. Generally, I. nil and its secondary metabolites 3-9 could be further applied for oxidative stress damage resulted in skin disorders.

Active Compound of Pharbitis Semen (Pharbitis nil Seeds) Suppressed KRAS-Driven Colorectal Cancer and Restored Muscle Cell Function during Cancer Progression.

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)-driven colorectal cancer (CRC) is notorious to target with drugs and has shown ineffective treatment response. The seeds of Pharbitis nil, also known as morning glory, have been used as traditional medicine in East Asia. We focused on whether Pharbitis nil seeds have a suppressive effect on mutated KRAS-driven CRC as well as reserving muscle cell functions during CRC progression. Seeds of Pharbitis nil (Pharbitis semen) were separated by chromatography and the active compound of Pharbitis semen (PN) was purified by HPLC. The compound PN efficiently suppressed the proliferation of mutated KRAS-driven CRC cells and their clonogenic potentials in a concentration-dependent manner. It also induced apoptosis of SW480 human colon cancer cells and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. The CRC related pathways, including RAS/ERK and AKT/mTOR, were assessed and PN reduced the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. Furthermore, PN preserved muscle cell proliferation and myotube formation in cancer conditioned media. In summary, PN significantly suppressed mutated KRAS-driven cell growth and reserved muscle cell function. Based on the current study, PN could be considered as a promising starting point for the development of a nature-derived drug against KRAS-mutated CRC progression.

Generation of Yellow Flowers of the Japanese Morning Glory by Engineering Its Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway toward Aurones.

Wild-type plants of the Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) produce blue flowers that accumulate anthocyanin pigments, whereas its mutant cultivars show wide range flower color such as red, magenta and white. However, I. nil lacks yellow color varieties even though yellow flowers were curiously described in words and woodblocks printed in the 19th century. Such yellow flowers have been regarded as 'phantom morning glories', and their production has not been achieved despite efforts by breeders of I. nil. The chalcone isomerase (CHI) mutants (including line 54Y) bloom very pale yellow or cream-colored flowers conferred by the accumulation of 2', 4', 6', 4-tetrahydoroxychalcone (THC) 2'-O-glucoside. To produce yellow phantom morning glories, we introduced two snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) genes to the 54Y line by encoding aureusidin synthase (AmAS1) and chalcone 4'-O-glucosyltransferase (Am4'CGT), which are necessary for the accumulation of aureusidin 6-O-glucoside and yellow coloration in A. majus. The transgenic plants expressing both genes exhibit yellow flowers, a character sought for many years. The flower petals of the transgenic plants contained aureusidin 6-O-glucoside, as well as a reduced amount of THC 2'-O-glucoside. In addition, we identified a novel aurone compound, aureusidin 6-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-glucoside, in the yellow petals. A combination of the coexpression of AmAS1 and Am4'CGT and suppression of CHI is an effective strategy for generating yellow varieties in horticultural plants.

Vines avoid coiling around neighbouring plants infested by polyphagous mites.

Vines that coil around plants heavily infested with ambulate polyphagous mites can be heavily damaged by the mites. To explore whether vines avoid mite-infested plants, we observed the coiling responses of morning glory (Ipomoea nil var. Heavenly Blue) vines and bush killer (Cayratia japonica (Thunb) Gagnep) tendrils around nearby kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants that were either uninfested or heavily infested with the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). The proportions of I. nil vines that coiled around spider mite-infested and uninfested bean plants did not differ significantly; however, no C. japonica tendril coiled around spider mite-infested plants. The proportion of such tendrils was thus significantly lower than that around uninfested plants. The ability of C. japonica tendrils to avoid spider mite-infested plants would prevent serious "contact infections" by mites. We further found that tendril avoidance seemed to be attributable to the mite webs that covered infested plants; neither spider mite-induced bean volatiles nor spider mite intrusion onto tendrils seemed to explain the avoidance.

Identification and characterization of the Ipomoea nil RelA/SpoT Homologs (InRSHs) and potential directions of their transcriptional regulation.

Although the stringent response has been known for more than half a century and has been well studied in bacteria, only the research of the past 19 years revealed that the homologous mechanism is conserved in plants. The plant RelA/SpoT Homolog (RSH) genes have been identified and characterized in a limited number of plant species, whereas products of their catalytic activities, (p)ppGpp (alarmones), have been shown to accumulate mainly in chloroplasts. Here, we identified full-length sequences of the Ipomoea nil RSH genes (InRSH1, InRSH2 and InCRSH), determined their copy number in the I. nil genome as well as the structural conservancy between InRSHs and their Arabidopsis and rice orthologs. We showed that InRSHs are differentially expressed in I. nil organ tissues and that only InRSH2 is upregulated in response to salt, osmotic and drought stress. Our results of the E. coli relA/spoT mutant complementation test suggest that InRSH1 is likely a (p)ppGpp hydrolase, InCRSH - synthetase and InRSH2 shows both activities. Finally, we referred our results to the recently published I. nil genomic and proteomic data and uncovered the complexity of the I. nil RSH family as well as potential ways of the InRSH transcriptional regulation.

New octadecanoid derivatives from the seeds of Ipomoea nil.

Four new octadecanoid derivatives (1-4) including a pair of enantiomers (1/2), along with 12 known analogues (5-16), were isolatedfrom the seeds of Ipomoea nil. Their structures were determined by detailed spectroscopic analyses and comparison with reported data of structurally related compounds, with the absolute configurations of 1 and 2 being assigned by an in situ dimolybdenum ECD method. Our bioassays revealed that these isolates did not show ABTS radical scavenging activity while 10 and 13 displayed better α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the positive control acarbose (IC50 167.7 ± 1.55 µmol·L-1), with IC50 of 92.73 ± 3.12 and 11.39 ± 2.18µmol·L-1, respectively.

Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-seizure principles from Semen Pharbitidis using a zebrafish pentylenetetrazol seizure model.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Semen Pharbitidis, the seeds of Pharbitis nil (Linn.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal plant used for treating helminthiasis and epilepsy in China. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to identify the anti-seizure components from Semen Pharbitidis. METHODS: A bioassay-guided isolation of anti-seizure compounds from Semen Pharbitidis was performed using a zebrafish pentylenetetrazol seizure model. The structures of active compounds were elucidated by high resolution mass spectrometry. The fragments of active compounds were tested for anti-seizure activity as well. RESULTS: The bioassay-guided isolation of ethanol extract of Semen Pharbitidis led to a group of resin glucosides, namely pharbitin. One of the fragments of pharbitin, 2-methylbutyric acid, also showed anti-seizure activity. CONCLUSIONS: We provided further experimental scientific evidence to support the traditional use of Semen Pharbitidis for the treatment of epilepsy. Pharbitin was identified to be the main anti-seizure component in Semen Pharbitidis.

New octadecanoid derivatives from the seeds of Ipomoea nil / 中国天然药物

Four new octadecanoid derivatives (1-4) including a pair of enantiomers (1/2), along with 12 known analogues (5-16), were isolatedfrom the seeds of Ipomoea nil. Their structures were determined by detailed spectroscopic analyses and comparison with reported data of structurally related compounds, with the absolute configurations of 1 and 2 being assigned by an in situ dimolybdenum ECD method. Our bioassays revealed that these isolates did not show ABTS radical scavenging activity while 10 and 13 displayed better α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the positive control acarbose (IC 167.7 ± 1.55 μmol·L), with IC of 92.73 ± 3.12 and 11.39 ± 2.18μmol·L, respectively.

Wolbachia both aids and hampers the performance of spider mites on different host plants.

In the last few decades, many studies have revealed the potential role of arthropod bacterial endosymbionts in shaping the host range of generalist herbivores and their performance on different host plants, which, in turn, might affect endosymbiont distribution in herbivore populations. We tested this by measuring the prevalence of endosymbionts in natural populations of the generalist spider mite Tetranychus urticae on different host plants. Focusing on Wolbachia, we then analysed how symbionts affected mite life-history traits on the same host plants in the laboratory. Overall, the prevalences of Cardinium and Rickettsia were low, whereas that of Wolbachia was high, with the highest values on bean and eggplant and the lowest on morning glory, tomato and zuchini. Although most mite life-history traits were affected by the plant species only, Wolbachia infection was detrimental for the egg-hatching rate on morning glory and zucchini, and led to a more female-biased sex ratio on morning glory and eggplant. These results suggest that endosymbionts may affect the host range of polyphagous herbivores, both by aiding and hampering their performance, depending on the host plant and on the life-history trait that affects performance the most. Conversely, endosymbiont spread may be facilitated or hindered by the plants on which infected herbivores occur.

Differential effects of light-to-dark transitions on phase setting in circadian expression among clock-controlled genes in Pharbitis nil.

The circadian clock is synchronized by the day-night cycle to allow plants to anticipate daily environmental changes and to recognize annual changes in day length enabling seasonal flowering. This clock system has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis thaliana and was found to be reset by the dark to light transition at dawn. By contrast, studies on photoperiodic flowering of Pharbitis nil revealed the presence of a clock system reset by the transition from light to dark at dusk to measure the duration of the night. However, a Pharbitis photosynthetic gene was also shown to be insensitive to this dusk transition and to be set by dawn. Thus Pharbitis appeared to have two clock systems, one set by dusk that controls photoperiodic flowering and a second controlling photosynthetic gene expression similar to that of Arabidopsis. Here, we show that circadian mRNA expression of Pharbitis homologs of a series of Arabidopsis clock or clock-controlled genes are insensitive to the dusk transition. These data further define the presence in Pharbitis of a clock system that is analogous to the Arabidopsis system, which co-exists and functions with the dusk-set system dedicated to the control of photoperiodic flowering.

Developmental and reproductive response of Brachmia macroscopa (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) to three host plants.

The sweet potato leaf folder, Brachmia macroscopa Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), which is a significant pest of plants in the family Convolvulaceae, is rapidly expanding its range in South China and other subtropical regions. Studies were designed to examine the effects of three different host plants (sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.; water spinach, I. aquatica Forsskål; and morning glory, Pharbitis purpurea (L.)) on the development and life table parameters of B. macroscopa under laboratory conditions. We found that the intrinsic rates of increase of B. macroscopa were 0.17 ± 0.004, 0.21 ± 0.005 and 0.16 ± 0.004 on I. batatas, I. aquatica and P. purpurea, respectively. The highest net reproduction rate was 158.06 ± 18.22 per female reared on I. aquatica. The larvae had five instars when reared on I. batatas and I. aquatica, but required six instars on P. purpurea. The mean generation lengths of B. macroscopa ranged from 24.32 ± 0.18 days when reared on I. aquatica to 29.40 ± 0.24 days on P. purpurea. The survival of all stage and fecundity curves was intuitively manipulated using the age-stage-structured and two-sex population life table method, to enable comprehensive descriptions of the stage and population trends of B. macroscopa on the three Convolvulaceae plants. Our results indicated that I. batatas and I. aquatica were more suitable host plants than P. purpurea.